Like the thevenin equivalent, the norton equivalent does not take into account the resistance of the load the output the circuit is powering. Super position, thevenin and norton theorem lab report. Thevenin norton equivalents thevenin and norton equivalents. Zac sutton of uconn hkn determines the thevenin and norton equivalents of an electrical circuit. Start with the thevenin equivalent and determine the load resistance that would lead to the maximum amount of power being dissipated in the load. Any two terminals of a network of any number of resistors, current sources and or voltage sources can be reduced to one current source in parallel with one resistor. Lets find the thevenin and norton equivalent circuits for the somewhat complicated circuit shown in fig. Thevenins analysis o how to find equivalent thevenins voltage. Nortons theorem is the converse of thevenins theorem. Et304a laboratory 5 thevenin s and norton s theorem and the principle of superposition purpose.
Nortons theorem for linear electrical networks, known in europe as the mayernorton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, i, in parallel with a single resistor, r. Removed, short the terminals and find the short circuit current isc 3 find the thevenin resistance rt 4 draw the thevenin equivalent circuit. Equivalent thevenin and norton kirchhoff circuits of a. Norton s resistance is exactly the same as the thevenin s resistance. Put the sources back in, and calculate the open circuit voltage across your two nodes, which is the thevenin voltage source calculate the short circuit current flowing between your nodes, which is the norton current source.
Draw thevenin s equivalent circuit inclusive of resistor rl. It is important to understand the steps involved in converting a circuit to its thevenin or norton equivalent, but more important still is understanding how these techniques can help you to analyze and design actual electronic devices. The thevenin and norton equivalent circuits figure 2 were. Notice that source transformations and equivalent resistances are used when there are no dependent sources in the given circuit but the definitions of v oc, i sc and r t are used when there are dependent sources. Thevenin resistance, producing the exact same current through the short, 14 amps ier. Thevenin equivalent circuits are discussed in section 5.
An equivalent voltage equal to the opencircuit voltage at the terminals of the original network, and an internal resistance equal to the resistance looking back into. Thevenins nortons theorem and maximum power transfer. Thevenin and norton equivalents this tutorial is intended to show how thevenin and norton equivalent circuits can be calculated. The circuit has both independent and dependent sources. Hybrid equivalent circuit, an alternative for thevenins or nortons equivalent model is realized with fixatornorator pair, and is seen to be more dynamic and flexible since it contains both. Use the principle of superposition along with thenvenins and norton s theorems to reduce.
The text says to try to solve it with the norton equivalent circuit too. It consists of the equivalent current source instead of an equivalent voltage source as in thevenins theorem. Thevenins theorem and its dual, nortons theorem, are widely used to make circuit analysis simpler and to study a circuits initialcondition and steadystate response. Thevenin and norton equivalents equivalent networks thevenin equivalent thevenin properties determining thevenin complicated circuits norton equivalent power transfer source transformation source rearrangement series rearrangement summary e1. The only extra thing we need to do is changing the circuit to frequency domain, analyze it, and turn it back to time domain. These two theorems are used to reduce large circuits to simple voltage sources, current sources and resistors.
Electronicstheveninnorton equivalents wikibooks, open. Each problem, asks us to determine the value of asked to determine the value of voc, isc or rth. Et304a laboratory 5 thevenins and nortons theorem and the. Norton thevenin pdf between v and i is exactly the same in each case. Thevenin equivalent circuits a resistive network containing current or voltage sources can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing of a voltage. Nortons theorem dc network analysis electronics textbook. Since thevenin s and norton s theorems are two equally valid methods of reducing a complex network down to something simpler to analyze, there must be some way to convert a thevenin equivalent. To convert between thevenin and norton equivalent circuits we use the following method. Difference between thevenin and norton compare the. Thevenin theorem, thevenins theorem solution example. In this lab, the emphasis was on calculating thevenin voltages and resistances and norton currents through manual measurements on a protoboard and multisim, then creating thevenin and norton equivalent circuits for that circuit figure 1. Thevenin s theorem is very important in point of view to simplify the network and reduction of network complexity in any circuit. Basically, thevenin and norton discovered something that is potentially very. Thevenins theorem states that we can replace entire network by an equivalent circuit that.
Norton s theorem, already presented for dc circuits, can also be used in ac circuits. Voltage source equal to open circuit voltage vth at load. The nortons equivalent circuit and thevenins equivalent circuit can be easily interchanged. On the application of thevenin and norton equivalent circuits. Perrott key skills to be learned in this class analyzing transistor level circuitsbiasing, small signal, frequency response, noise analysis simulating analog circuitsspice simulation and analysis with matlab understanding basic building blocksamplifiers, current mirrors, samplers understanding analog circuit techniquescascoding, gain boosting, filtering.
Thevenins and nortons equivalent circuits solved problems. Thevenin and norton equivalent circuits advanced pcb. Easy step by step procedure with example pictorial views this is another useful theorem to analyze electric circuits like thevenin s theorem, which reduces linear, active circuits and complex networks into a simple equivalent circuit. It can also be calculated by dividing the open circuit voltage by the short circuit current at ab, but the previous method is usually preferable and gives. Doc super position, thevenin and norton theorem lab. Nortons thereom is identical to thevenins theorem except that the equivalent circuit is an independent current source in parallel with an impedance resistor.
Thevenin and norton equivalent circuits are fundamental approaches to analyzing both ac and dc circuits. Find the norton equivalent circuit for the circuit given in problem 4. Sometimes it is desirable to convert thevenin s or norton s equivalent circuit into each other for easier and faster solving of circuits. What are the practical applications of thevenins theorem. Nortons theorem for linear electrical networks, known in europe as the mayer norton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, i. So, if we wanted to convert a norton equivalent circuit to a thevenin equivalent circuit, we could use the same resistance and calculate the thevenin voltage with ohms law.
This is also a very important theorem for engineering and diploma students in basic electrical. Pdf hybrid equivalent circuit, an alternative to thevenin. Norton s resistance r th is the resistance that would be measured between the output terminals if the independent energy sources were removed and replaced by their internal resistance i. Analyze the simplified circuit for the load voltage and the current. Simplifying any network by converting the active part of that network to an equivalent current source with an impedance connected in parallel is called norton theorem. Thevenins and nortons theorems illinois institute of. The norton equivalent circuit represents a general circuit with an independent current source in parallel with the norton equivalent resistance. If the circuit comprises only dependent sources then thevenin and also norton equivalent consists of r th alone. If we applied the thevenin equivalent process to itself, wed use superposition to turn off veq and turn it into a wire, and the result would be that r eq would of course be the equivalent resistance. Et304a laboratory 5 thevenins and nortons theorem and.
The thevenin equivalent circuit of a twoterminal network consists of a voltage source in series with a resistor. Nortons theorem explained learning about electronics. In your lecture class, you will cover these topics in more detail, but the information here is enough to perform the ece 2100 lab iii exercise. Norton theorem norton equivalent current and resistance. Norton s theorem, thus, greatly reduces and simplifies a circuit. Oct 11, 2015 zac sutton of uconn hkn determines the thevenin and norton equivalents of an electrical circuit. Norton equivalent circuit zfinding a norton equivalent circuit requires essentially the same process as finding a thevenin equivalent circuit. Chapter 5 nortons equivalent circuit a a circuit partitioned into two parts. The result is the thevenin and norton equivalent impedance. Ill sorry in advance for the triviality, but im doing a basic course at college and ive never did it before. But in step 4, must calculate norton current in, which is a shortcircuit current in terminals of equivalent circuit.
Thevenins theorem and nortons theorem are two important theorems used in fields such as electrical engineering, electronic engineering, physics, circuit analysis and circuit modeling. With the norton equivalent, the shortcircuit current would be exactly equal to the norton source current, which is 14 amps in this case. There are several ways to find the thevenin s equivalent resistant, which are given below. Norton thevenin pdf norton thevenin pdf norton thevenin pdf download.
Circuit theorytheveninnorton wikibooks, open books for an. Anant agarwal and jeffrey lang, course materials for 6. Norton equivalent circuit zany thevenin equivalent circuit is in turn equivalent to a current source in parallel with a resistor source transformation. Thevenin norton equivalents and maximum power transfer.
Equivalent thevenin and norton kirchhoff circuits of a receiving antenna article in ieee antennas and wireless propagation letters 12. Thevenin to norton conversion thevenin to norton sometimes circuit analysis can by solved easier by converting a thevenin circuit to a norton equivalent circuit. Thevenin and norton equivalent theorems and circuits are still prevalent throughout circuit design, ensure you know how to account for them. Ill excerpt and paraphrase this proof found in the appendix a. The last two are particularly simple and are called the norton and thevenin equivalent networks. Thevenins theorem introduction thevenins equivalent circuit illustration of thevenins theorem formal presentation of thevenins theorem proof of thevenins theorem worked example 2 worked example 3 worked example 4 summary introduction thevenins theorem is a popular theorem, used often for analysis of electronic circuits.
In the end, norton s theorem produces a single current source with a single resistance in parallel, along with the load. Wikipedia tells me they were famous circuit theorists. The french engineer leon charles thevenin 18571927 stated the principle of this equivalence as a theorem. Thevenins and nortons equivalent circuits and superposition. In these cases, we need to find open circuit voltage and short circuit current to determine norton s and also thevenin s equivalent circuits. May 29, 20 homework statement find vt and in homework equations kcl the attempt at a solution i found rt to be 5. Norton equivalent is simply the source transformation of the thevenin equivalent. This is basically an application of thevenins theorem, in the most observable form. Using the circuit in problem 4, what value of load resistance rl will provide the maximum power transferred to the. Build the norton equivalent circuit and reattach the load per figure 12.
Thevenin and norton equivalents university of houston. In circuit theory, thevenins theorem for linear electrical networks states that. Thevenin equivalent or a current source with a resistance in. To verify the validity of my arguments above, i found a formal proof of thevenin s theorem in one of my undergrad textbooks. Find the equivalent thevenin voltage and resistance zvth voc vab 10v zrth vocisc rth 101. Aug 07, 2011 nortons theorem is actually a derivation of the thevenins theorem. Thevenins and nortons equivalent circuits and superposition theorem thevenins and nortons theorems thevenins theorem as far as its appearance from outside is concerned, any two terminal network of resistors and energy s ources can be replaced by a series combination of an ideal voltage source voc and a resistor r, where. Norton s theorem applied to ac circuits states that the network can be replaced by a current source in parallel with an impedance. Lab report 4 thevenin and norton equivalent circuits group.
In our daytoday life, whenever we overload a voltage source e. The thevenin and norton equivalent circuits are described using three parameters. The main difference between thevenin s theorem and nortons theorem is that, thevenin s theorem provides an equivalent voltage source and. Any two terminal linear circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of voltage source in series with a single equivalent resistance. On the application of thevenin and norton equivalent circuits and signal flow graphs to the smallsignal analysis of active circuits w.
Determine the norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure 12. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Norton current source is equivalent to the shortcircuit current at the terminal a and b. Need to determine vth and rth so that the model behaves just like the original. Thevenin equivalent circuits iowa state university.
Nortons theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel resistance connected to a load. Considering the fact that both thevenin and norton equivalent circuits are intended to behave the same as the original network in suppling voltage and current to the load resistor as seen from the perspective of the load connection points, these two equivalent circuits, having been derived from the same original network should behave identically. Thevenin and norton equivalent circuits circuitexamplestheveninnorton. Thevenin equivalent and norton equivalent circuits. For the norton equivalent circuit, the opencircuit voltage is determined by the voltage drop across the resistor. Thevenin and norton equivalent circuit can be found and simulated for using smart simulation tools in your circuit design. Voc, the open circuit voltage of the circuit, isc, the short circuit of the circuit and rth, the thevenin resistance of the circuit. Conversely, both thevenin and norton equivalent circuits should generate the same amount of current through a short circuit across the load terminals. To obtain the resistance r th called the thevenin s equivalent resistance of circuit a. R n is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when. Pdf a new method for finding the thevenin and norton. Thevenin theorem and norton s equivalent 1 find the open circuit voltage vth across the open terminals obtained by taking out the 8.
View lab report lab 3 thevenin and norton circuit 20162017 from fkab kkkl 1141 at the national university of malaysia. In series with a simple resistor rth the source impedance. Nortons theorem for linear electrical networks, known in europe as the mayer norton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, i, in parallel with a single resistor, r. Thevenin s and norton s theorems are two equally valid methods of reducing a complex network down to something simpler to analyse. Thevenin and norton circuit kkkl1141 department of. Fundamentals of circuits, electronics, and signal analysis by kendall l. Thevenins and nortons theorems in the context of dc voltage.
Pick a good breaking point in the circuit cannot split a dependent source and its. Superposition, thevenin and norton mit opencourseware. Thevenin theorem is used in norton s theorem to obtain norton s equivalent circuit. Norton s theorem is converse of thevenin s theorem in the respect that norton equivalent circuit uses a current generator instead of voltage generator and the resistance rn which is the same as rth in parallel with the generator instead of bein. We can calculate the norton equivalent circuit in two steps. Pdf the paper presents a new pedagogical method for finding the thevenin and norton equivalent circuits of a linear electric circuit lec at the. Thevenin s and norton s equivalent circuit tutorial. Other option is repeat steps 1, 2 and 3, which are the same of previous method. Aug 09, 2018 norton theoremany active network can be represented as an equivalent current source with an impedance connected in parallel across it.
The thevenin equivalent will have the same output voltage and current regardless of what is. For maximum power to the load see slide 4 for an example look at power column in the table. Just as with thevenins theorem, the qualification of linear is identical to that found in the superposition theorem. It is also used in maximum power transfer theorem to find the equivalent resistance of the network. When converting from thevenin to norton the value of the thevenin resistance will be the same as the value of the norton resistance. Thevenins theorem thevenin equivalent circuit solved. Thevenin norton equivalencies gate study material in pdf. We have seen here that thevenins theorem is another type of circuit analysis tool that can be used to reduce any complicated electrical network into a simple circuit consisting of a single voltage source, vs in series with a single resistor, rs. Any twoterminal network consisting of resistors, fixed voltagecurrent sources and linear dependent sources is externally equivalent to a circuit. Nortons thereom is identical to thevenins theorem except that the. Rl is selected as the resistor where it is proposed to determine the current value. The main practical application of thevenin s theorem is to find the variation of voltage and power delivered to. The nortons theorems reduce the networks equivalent to the circuit having one current source, parallel resistance and load.
Experimentally determine the thevenin and norton equivalent circuits by measuring the open circuit voltage and short circuit currents of the test circuits. Thvenin is remembered as a model engineer and employee, hardworking, of scrupulous morality, strict in his principles but kind at heart. The norton equivalent resistance is the resistance between these. Cramer department of electrical and computer engineering duke university purpose the purpose of this lab is to learn how to obtain a thevenin equivalent circuit by making measurements of the iv currentvoltage characteristics at a pair of terminals. The stepbystep of using these methods is the same with the dc circuit.